FT Interview: Jakaya Kikwete
Ten years of steady economic growth
on the back of a boom in mining and rising tourism has placed Tanzania among a
small group of African countries, beloved of development aid donors. This year
gross domestic product growth is expected to top 7 per cent, buttressed by
support from donors worth nearly 50 per cent of the budget. But this is still
short of what the country needs to pull the majority of its people out of
desperate poverty. President Jakaya Kikwete, the former foreign minister, was
elected two years ago. He has sought since to give Tanzania a prominent role in
regional affairs, and has been involved in efforts to resolve the crisis in
Zimbabwe. William Wallis, FT Africa editor, and Tom Burgis, FT journalist,
interviewed Mr Kikwete in Paris, on his way back to Tanzania from the United Nations
General Assembly meeting in New York.
Financial Times: Tanzania’s economy is growing at about 7% and a little
below that for the last ten years. But it’s generally perceived that this is
not enough to begin to pull people out of poverty. How do you plan to reach the
next step?
Jakaya Kikwete: It is true that, for the last decade I think the average
growth rate has been 6.3% and this is not adequate…We need 8% to 10% growth
sustained over a decade to make a significant impact on poverty. So what do we
do about it? Right now this growth is actually generated by the mining sector,
which has been growing at about 16% and construction by 10.6%. Manufacturing is
8.6% and tourism is close to 12%. I’m seeing great opportunity and
possibilities in all these sectors. But I’m seeing more opportunity in the
agricultural sector and in the mining sector.
FT: Agriculture has been the laggard. What’s holding it back?
JK: Why I’m saying that there is great opportunity is because
agriculture is mostly subsistence agriculture, peasant agriculture…and
therefore production is low and the incomes of the people definitely are very
low. What we are trying to do now is embark on a green revolution…looking at
increasing irrigated agriculture, increasing the use of high yield seeds…the
use of fertilisers. The average use of fertiliser is abysmally low; it is eight
kilos per acre. When you compare with the Netherlands where it’s 577 kilos per
acre, so you can see why…the level of (production) is very low.
FT: Do you need to reform the land ownership laws to allow…?
JK: It’s not this. Land ownership has never been a problem.
People have access to land. The peasants cannot complain about land ownership.
FT: But to access credit they need land titles as collateral
for the banks?
JK: It’s not a problem of land ownership because owning land is
also allowed. It’s only that they don’t have the titles. But this to us is not
a critical problem. The other important thing is that they use pesticides and
insecticides. We are looking at extension workers to train farmers…and then we
are looking at the marketing structure. We are also looking at infrastructure,
rural roads so that crops can get to the market. This is a whole package; you are
looking at a seven-year programme. We are also trying to look at the fiscal
incentives to give to investors.
FT: There’s some controversy about incentives that have been
provided in the past, for example in the mining sector.
JK: In the mining sector, I don’t know if we’ve got a
controversy…What became a problem is there was a clause that allowed investors
to cover losses. As long as you made losses one year, you could carry them over
to the next and to the next. And because of that they would pay no taxes. So
this fellow takes all the gold away and he says he makes losses and so he does
not pay us anything. So he is the only one that is being protected. Those of us
who are losing our resources are not protected. This is the thing that created
the kind of debate that we had and we had to renegotiate.
FT: The mining companies have all agreed to new terms?
JK: Yes, they agreed. It was logical.
FT: Are you satisfied with the £200,000 local levy that the
mining companies have agreed to pay?
JK: Of course.
FT: Is that enough?
JK: Well of course if they could give more, well why not? I’d
appreciate it…it’s (part of) corporate social responsibility. We are simply
saying, you are making money out of this district. Well, make a contribution
that is really going to impact on the lives of the people out here. You take
all the minerals out and after the minerals have been depleted you only leave
the holes on the ground; off you go. And then you leave the people in the
districts to fall into the pits. So we are saying at least make that kind of
contribution…
Of course the other sector that I
see as a possible centre for promoting growth is the tourism sector. Certainly
there are still opportunities to build more hotels along the beaches. There are
still more hotels that can be built in the game parks; we have not yet
exhausted that possibility.
FT: There’s a sense from what you’re saying of this tremendous
potential in Tanzania. You have great agricultural potential, mining potential,
tourism potential, but it’s taking a long time to realise this potential. What
do you think is holding Tanzania back?
JK: I don’t know. Of course this is precisely the question that
I ask every day, what is it that we have not done? I think we have been leading
the continent in terms of attracting mining investments in the mining sector.
But we are still working (on attracting investment to other sectors). Maybe the
message has not quite reached home.
FT: Do you think you’ve fully shaken off the legacy of the
socialist years?
JK: I don’t see that one as a problem any more. But, well,
investments move from place to place from time to time. Maybe our time is soon
coming.
FT: But if you look at agriculture so far and you say, this is
the central driver of growth and it’s only 4.5% of investment. Surely you’re
going to have to attract more to agriculture.
JK: Well, I know. But to me the most critical thing in
agriculture is investing in the peasant agriculture, transforming peasant agriculture.
Because if we succeed in transforming peasant agriculture, that will make a
hell of a difference.
FT: Do you think you’re too dependent on aid?
JK: Of course to some extent, yes. But of course the aid
dependence is coming down.
FT: It’s still nearly 50% of your budget.
JK: It has been coming down. It used to be about 50%, now it’s
45% last year, it’s 42% this year. Of course it is a function of us improving
on collecting our own revenues. Because otherwise in terms of volume of aid,
definitely in terms of money it has not been diminishing. But what has been
increasing also is our proportion.
FT: Given the extent of donor support you could argue that your
government has become more accountable to the donors than to your own people.
JK: That’s not true. Of course we are accountable to our own
people. The issue really is about ownership of the development process itself.
In the past, of course, we used to be in a situation where the donor knows
best. Now there is greater ownership of the development process in the country.
We design our own programmes, we take leadership. Of course the donors come in
to support us, to complement our efforts. Our responsibility to the donors is
about accountability; about how we use that money. If somebody gives you his
money, definitely he will be interested in knowing how you spend the money.
It’s not a question of being more accountable to them than to our people.
FT: If they’re putting that money into your budget, are they
not concerned when they see a report like the Auditor General’s Report that
says that millions of dollars are leaving the treasury without being properly
documented?
JK: We are ourselves also concerned. I am the one who is more
concerned about that, and taking the initiative. In the past you never knew
about this; it was me who made this reportable to the general public, a public
document and asked public officials to discuss the discrepancies…and make sure
that they take correctional measures. There is improvement, but we need to do
much more.
FT: You spend a lot of time travelling around Tanzania and
going to rural areas. What do you learn on these trips about what people want
from your government?
JK: I do that because it is part of my duty. The presidency is
not an office job. If I only sit in the office in Dar es Salaam I’m not running
the country. I visit the country to inspect development programmes, to inspect
activities, to see how things are going, how the government agenda is being
implemented, what are the teething issues. And some of these problems simply
need my simple word. My simple word of do it, then it is done.
FT: Does it keep people on their toes if you suddenly spring
up?
JK: Of course it does. But it also helps solve a number of
those problems. For example there was a time I visited one of the lake
provinces, Lake Victoria regions. I was keen on visiting an area that I’d not
been to, I’d not visited during the campaign. So I said, I want to go to this
place. And the officials were saying, no, don’t go, the road is very bad. And I
said if the road is bad then I want the president to see that bad road. It was
a really tough road; it was so bad. But I went there and I said to the
officials, they have the money to do the road.
And I said, I’m going to inspect the
road in the next six months; I think that it’s about next month that I’m going
there. But I’m told the road is good now. The road has been done.
FT: But one man can’t sort out all these problems. You need a
system that encourages this sort of initiative.
JK: Of course, the system is working. The officials are there.
But there are some issue areas, issues which may appear so difficult to these
officials to decide. It would only require my encouragement to them to take
that decision.
FT: Do you perhaps need a more vibrant and oppositional
political system to encourage renewal in the ruling party? Because at the
moment, although notionally you’re a multi-party state, essentially the CCM is
so dominant that you’re effectively a one-party state.
JK: I’m not sure. I’m not sure if you talk to the opposition,
they would consider that to be an insult. They think they are doing a
tremendous job.
FT: In terms of their representation though, it’s very slim.
JK: They have the voice to tell the other side of the story,
which they do, they have that freedom. I think in that regard we are doing
fine.
FT: Do you foresee a day when the ruling party hands over power
to a winning opposition?
JK: That day may come. But I’m not seeing it coming soon. We
are still strong enough; we’re still popular; I think we are doing the right
things.
FT: But there are problems within the (ruling) CCM as well,
aren’t there? As you know, Mr Hoseah (the head of the anti-corruption bureau)
for example, is bringing charges against CCM MPs for vote buying. There are big
problems of corruption within such a dominant party, aren’t there?
JK: There are problems. The important issue is, do we know that
there are problems? Are we ready to take action? This has been one of the
strong points of our party. It has been a dynamic party; it’s not stagnant. If
you do something wrong, action will be taken against you…If people want to get
into leadership through corrupt practices, through corrupt means, I think
that’s detestable; we have to take action.
FT: A quick question on the BAE saga. Are you going to ask for
compensation over the radar (sold in 2002 by Britain’s BAE Systems and the
subject of investigations)?
JK: Yes, we will. Our people are still working on it, working
with the Serious Fraud Office and let’s see what comes out of it.
FT: Mr Hoseah told me a few weeks ago that he plans to bring criminal charges
in that case. If he can show that through corrupt practices Tanzania paid a
vastly inflated price for a radar it didn’t really need, would you seek
compensation for that?
JK: Well of course, if it comes out that way, definitely we
will try to seek compensation. I don’t know who to ask for that compensation,
but this has been my position all along.
FT: Presumably the company.
JK: Yes. Because when I was hearing these stories in the UK
Parliament that it was overpriced and so on, I said, oh, this is good news. So
if it has been overpriced then we need our money back. They cannot take money
from a poor country. Then I was told, no, you can’t ask the British government
because British Aerospace is private. I said, fine…I don’t know how to get the
money, but if it is overpriced definitely we deserve to be paid, to pay the
right price for it.
We will see how to go about it.
That’s why we are quite keen on pursuing the matter, to follow it through the
legal channels.
FT: Can we turn to the crisis in Zimbabwe for a moment? You’ve
been involved in trying to find a solution there. Are you making any progress?
JK: When I convened this (August) meeting of the SADC (Southern
Africa Development Community) heads of state I wanted us to discuss the
situation in Zimbabwe…we wanted to give ourselves time to discuss the matter in
greater detail.
FT: But all the time things are getting worse in Zimbabwe.
JK: I know. This is again the issue that we have been
discussing. So the executive secretary (of SADC) has been on it; he has come up
with recommendations which we looked at at the last SADC meeting in Lusaka and
we agreed that ministers of the economy and finance look into what kind of
interventions SADC can help with.
With regard to the dialogue, we gave
it to South Africa to facilitate that. So they have been talking through all
this time and President Mbeki gave us an update of their talking and their
facilitation, but also their talking on their own in the country. So he says
they are looking at the constitution; they are looking at issues related to
security; issues relating to political parties, participation. They are looking
into issues related to the media, freedom of the media. So they said they are
still going on with the discussions and probably next month they will again
report to us on how far they have got.
FT: There’s a perception in the outside world that the region
has hasn’t been bold enough with Zimbabwe, that the priority among regional
leaders is more to stand by President Mugabe than to try and do something about
the state of Zimbabwe that is in large part his making.
JK: Tanzania is standing by the people of Zimbabwe, including
President Mugabe. It all depends upon the perception. We do not subscribe to
the idea of condemnation and so on. We subscribe to the idea of working with
them, to get to a solution, because if you end up condemning him and insulting
him, he will not listen to you.
You can condemn from London, from
Washington and so on, it won’t help those positions. What we have been trying
to do is really talk to them, because what we want here, because Mugabe is
there, he is president, he has been elected. If Tanzania had simply said,
stupid, you’re hopeless, a murderer, a violator of basic human rights; does
that remove Mugabe from office? It doesn’t.
FT: Is removing Mugabe from office is part of the solution?
JK: Well, if you think the problems in Zimbabwe are only
related to President Mugabe, if this is all the problem. Our approach has been,
let’s make these people talk. What is it that we want there? We want to see the
next elections on a level playing field, free and fair, peaceful…that will give
the people of Zimbabwe the opportunity to choose a leader of their choice…this
has been our approach. We have confidence that it will pay dividends.
FT: You’re probably getting tired of us by now, but I can turn
to one other subject - the growing engagement of China in the continent?
JK: Yes.
FT: Do you think African leaders are making a concerted enough
effort to ensure that Africa gets the best deal out of this new relationship?
JK: I would have been surprised if you had not asked that
question, because everywhere I am, I am asked how about the Chinese. There’s a
lot of sudden interest on the Chinese and Africa. You know, what is it that we
are trying to do in Africa? Africa as a continent in pursuit of development,
looks for development assistance, from Britain, from Sweden, France, The
Netherlands, United States, from Canada, from China, from Japan.
FT: But the Chinese are acting on a different scale.
JK: I’m not sure that the Chinese are giving that amount of
money, that much money, to the continent, when you compare with all that we are
getting from the rest of the countries.
Our countries are looking for
investments. We go out all over the place, and say: “Come to Kenya, the best
place to invest, come to Tanzania, the best place to invest, come to Uganda,
the best place to invest.” We do it in Britain, we do it in London, we do it in
New York, and one of the things I’ve been doing there most of the time is
talking to investors, we do it in Tokyo, we do it in Berlin, we do it Beijing.
Why China suddenly is a question? Of
course, there has been the concern (from international financial institutions)
that they may not be giving loans that are concessional, and the danger is
these countries may go back into the debt, some of the countries that they have
been forgiven their debts. This I found to be a valid point, maybe not with
Tanzania, because we don’t have much in terms of this huge Chinese development
assistance.
FT: Would you like more?
JK: Of course we would, we want to build roads, we have been
negotiating with the Americans, for MCA (Millennium Challenge Account) there,
to help us do the roads. If the Chinese can come there and help us do one of
the roads, why not? We’ve been talking to the Swedes to help us with power. If
the Chinese can come out also and join in and help us in the distribution, why
not?
There is more investment from the UK
than we have from China. There is more investment from Kenya than we have from
China.
FT: But that isn’t the case in some other countries.
JK: I’m speaking in our case, and I don’t think they (the
Chinese) have better friends in Africa than us. But when we compare to how much
money we get, if we succeed, if the MCA is funded by the US Congress for
Tanzania, it’s going to be $700 Million. It’s going to be huge, it may be a total
of all the Chinese have been giving us all these years.
FT: Chinese money comes with fewer strings attached to it?
JK: They discuss no strings. There, the people, they don’t
discuss anything.
You can’t beat the British, you’ve
got to sit with them for hours. They talk about this, they talk about that,
yes.
FT: The Chinese are easier to do business with?
JK: Yes. You know this is the other thing, you’re negotiating
all these problems for several years, they will talk about that, about a
newspaper, they will talk about an underage boy in prison (for example).
He’s 17 and he raped a
nine-year-old, and they ask: “Why do you lock him up?” And so I say, what do
you do, this is a rape case, and they want to discuss, I spend so many hours
discussing whatever it is this boy.
FT: This was with (Britain’s) Department of International
Development (DFID)?
JK: No, no, it’s not DFID. It’s somebody else. I asked the
Minister of Home Affairs, please give me information, is there something like
this? He said, well yes, they gang raped a girl. So what do they want us to do?
Release him? So that he can go and rape another one?
FT: Is this not a great example of the donors making you more
accountable to them than to your own people?
JK: …These are challenges of development.
